Preheat the oven to 375°F and lightly grease a 9x13 inch baking dish with a small amount of olive oil or cooking spray.
Pat the sliced beef dry with paper towels and season it with about half of the sea salt and black pepper, tossing to coat evenly.
Heat half of the olive oil in a large skillet over medium high heat until shimmering, then add the seasoned beef in a single layer, working in batches if needed so the pan is not overcrowded.
Sear the beef for a few minutes, turning as needed, until just browned on the outside but still slightly pink in the center, then transfer the beef to the prepared baking dish in an even layer.
Add the remaining olive oil to the same skillet and reduce the heat to medium, then add the sliced bell peppers, onion, and mushrooms if using.
Cook the vegetables, stirring occasionally, until they are tender crisp and lightly caramelized at the edges, then stir in the minced garlic, remaining sea salt, remaining black pepper, garlic powder, smoked paprika, and red pepper flakes and cook just until fragrant.
Spread the cooked pepper and onion mixture evenly over the seared beef in the baking dish, gently tossing with tongs if you prefer the ingredients more evenly combined.
In a medium mixing bowl, combine the softened cream cheese, heavy whipping cream, beef broth, Worcestershire sauce, sea salt, and black pepper.
Whisk the mixture until the cream cheese is mostly smooth and the sauce is thick, creamy, and pourable, leaving only a few small soft lumps if needed as they will melt in the oven.
Pour the creamy sauce evenly over the beef and vegetable mixture in the baking dish, using a spatula to gently nudge the sauce into the corners and between the pieces if necessary.
Layer the provolone cheese slices over the top of the casserole so they cover the surface, overlapping them slightly, and sprinkle the shredded mozzarella cheese evenly over the provolone if using.
Place the casserole in the preheated oven and bake until the sauce is bubbling around the edges and the cheese on top is fully melted and starting to turn golden brown, about 20 to 25 minutes.
If you like a deeper golden crust, switch the oven to broil for a minute or two, watching closely so the cheese does not burn.
Remove the casserole from the oven and let it rest for at least 5 to 10 minutes so the creamy sauce thickens slightly and the portions hold together when scooped.
Scoop the casserole into bowls or onto plates and serve hot, pairing with a simple green salad, roasted broccoli, or cauliflower mash for a complete keto meal.